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Where Is the Word Firmament Found in the Bible

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Solid dome created to divide the primal sea

Early Hebrew conception of the cosmos. The firmament, Sheol and tehom are depicted.

Early Hebrew conception of the cosmos. The firmament, Sheol and tehom are depicted.

The sun, planets and angels and the firmament. Woodcut dated 1475.

The sun, planets and angels and the firmament. Woodcut dated 1475.

The firmament, an element of biblical cosmology mentioned in the first chapter of the Book of Genesis, was a vast solid dome created by God on the second day to divide the primal sea (called tehom) into upper and lower portions so that the dry land could appear.[1] [2] The concept of a solid firmament was adopted into the subsequent Classical/Medieval model of heavenly spheres, but was dropped with advances in astronomy in the 16th and 17th centuries. Today it survives as a synonym for "sky" or "heaven".

Etymology

The word "firmament" is anglicised from Latin firmamentum, used in the 4th century AD Vulgate Bible).[3] and derived from the Latin root firmus, "firm".[3] It is used to translate the Hebrew word raqia, or raqiya`, derived from the root raqa (רקע), meaning "to beat or spread out", e.g., the process of making a dish by hammering thin a lump of metal.[3] [4]

History

The Flammarion engraving (1888) depicts a man crawling under the edge of the sky, depicted as if it were a solid hemisphere, to look at the mysterious Empyrean beyond. The caption underneath the engraving (not shown here) translates to "A medieval missionary tells that he has found the point where heaven and Earth meet..."

The Flammarion engraving (1888) depicts a man crawling under the edge of the sky, depicted as if it were a solid hemisphere, to look at the mysterious Empyrean beyond. The caption underneath the engraving (not shown here) translates to "A medieval missionary tells that he has found the point where heaven and Earth meet..."

The ancient Hebrews, like all the ancient peoples of the Near East, believed the sky was a solid dome with the Sun, Moon, planets and stars embedded in it.[5] Around the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE the Greeks, under the influence of Aristotle who argued that the heavens must be perfect and that a sphere was the perfect geometrical figure, exchanged this for a spherical Earth surrounded by solid spheres. This became the dominant model in the Classical and Medieval world-view, and even when Copernicus placed the Sun at the centre of the system he included an outer sphere that held the stars (and by having the earth rotate daily on its axis it allowed the firmament to be completely stationary). Tycho Brahe's studies of the nova of 1572 and the Comet of 1577 were the first major challenges to the idea that orbs existed as solid, incorruptible, material objects,[6] and in 1584 Giordano Bruno proposed a cosmology without a firmament: an infinite universe in which the stars are actually suns with their own planetary systems.[7] After Galileo began using a telescope to examine the sky it became harder to argue that the heavens were perfect, as Aristotelian philosophy required, and by 1630 the concept of solid orbs was no longer dominant.[6]

See also

  • Flood geology
  • Heaven in Judaism
  • Primum Mobile

Citations

  1. ^ Pennington 2007, p. 42.
  2. ^ Ringgren 1990, p. 92.
  3. ^ a b c "Online Etymology Dictionary - Firmament".
  4. ^ "Lexicon Results Strong's H7549 – raqiya`". Blue Letter Bible. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 2009-12-04 .
  5. ^ Seely, Paul H. (1991). "The Firmament and the Water Above" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal. 53: 227–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-02 .
  6. ^ a b Grant 1996, p. 349.
  7. ^ Giordano Bruno, De l'infinito universo e mondi (On the Infinite Universe and Worlds), 1584.

Bibliography

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  • Andrews, Tamra (2000). Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195136777. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2021-02-01 .
  • Bandstra, Barry L. (1999). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth. ISBN0495391050. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-02-01 .
  • Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and creation". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199730049. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-02-01 .
  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11. T&T Clarke International. ISBN9780567574558. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-02-01 .
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  • Rubio, Gonzalez (2013). "Time Before Time: Primeval Narratives in Early Mesopotamian Literature". In Feliu, L.; Llop, J. (eds.). Time and History in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 56th Recontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona, 26–30 July 2010. Eisenbrauns. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
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External links

Look up firmament in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • The Vault of Heaven.
  • Denver Radio / YouTube Debate on the Firmament between well-known creationist and atheist opponents.

This page was last edited on 27 December 2021, at 02:46

Where Is the Word Firmament Found in the Bible

Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Firmament

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